Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression linked to seasonal changes—most commonly occurring during the fall and winter months when daylight hours are reduced. Unlike general depression, SAD follows a predictable pattern and is closely tied to circadian rhythm disruption, serotonin regulation, and light exposure. While mild seasonal mood shifts are common, SAD can significantly affect energy levels, motivation, and overall functioning.
Below, Dr. Jeph,answers frequently asked questions about Seasonal Affective Disorder, including risk factors, treatment options, and when to seek professional support.
What differentiates Seasonal Affective Disorder from general depression?
“SAD is related to the amount of full-spectrum daylight that an individual is exposed to. Individuals with SAD are more sensitive to this and when the days get shorter, they can experience increased sadness, less energy, and often an increased craving for sweets (this comes as an attempt by the body to raise dropping serotonin levels which have been associated with SAD).”
Who is more likely to experience Seasonal Affective Disorder?
“SAD seems to involve circadian-related genes and serotonin pathways. There is some evidence of family history increasing an individual’s risk and some mutations involving melatonin sensitivity increasing an individual’s vulnerability to developing SAD.”
What are the most effective treatments for Seasonal Affective Disorder?
“Light therapy (with a 10K lux light box) is often helpful at taking the edge off of the depressed mood and decreased energy associated with SAD. Other pro-health behaviors include regular exercise, good nutrition, sufficient sleep, and social activities.”
When do seasonal mood changes require professional support?
By severity: how much are symptoms interfering with an individual’s functioning at work, school, and in the community?
Mental Health Resources
If you or someone you care about is experiencing symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder, the following trusted resources offer education, screening tools, and professional support:
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Provides comprehensive, research-based information on Seasonal Affective Disorder, including symptoms, causes, and treatment options.American Psychological Association (APA)
Offers guidance on depression, seasonal mood changes, and evidence-based therapies, as well as tools for finding licensed mental health professionals.988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline
Available 24/7 for immediate emotional support via call, text, or chat for individuals experiencing distress or crisis.
If seasonal changes are affecting your mood, energy, or daily functioning, seeking professional guidance can be an important step toward feeling better. Early support and evidence-based care can make a meaningful difference—especially during the winter months.